Considering the fact that the words in the intra-religious attitude are considered in two ways, the first is towards jurisprudential words and the second is a rational and conceptual view focusing on their meanings. we have tried to deal with one of the most important issues of intra-religious attitude with a rational approach by descriptive and analytical method, which is the category of "hermeneutic interpretation" of words, especially the most influential idea of interpretation & that is the view of the "spirit of meaning" of Ghazali. After Ghazali, Ibn Arabi used this theory of Ghazali regarding the development of meaning in creating his new idea, and by re-reading Ghazali's idea with a mystical approach, he presented his own theory regarding the expansion of meaning. While accepting the argument of the focal point of the theory of the spirit of meaning, he removes it from the exclusivity to the "linear", and for this purpose, he brought up arguments as well as the Conditions of Hermeneutic Interpretation in this regard. Ibn Arabi's arguments on transversal interpretation include new formulations in the argument, which after him, this theory was favored and accepted by Mulla Sadra, and then it was accepted by his students.

Colloidal particles prevalent in a soil influence its chemical and physical properties as by the particles' surface electrical charges. With respect to the importance of the issue, from both agriculture and environmental points of view, charging behavior of a kaolinite soil sample was studied in the pH range of 4 to 10 and at three background electrolyte concentrations of: 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 M NaCl, by potentiometric titration. Using a combination of mass and electrolyte titrations, kaolinite point of zero charge (PZC) was determined to occur at pH=7.6. Increase in pH from the initial value of 4 caused at first a gradual decrease in positive surface charge and then a gradual increase in the negative surface charge, indicating a net positive surface charge at pH<PZC and a net negative surface charge at pH>PZC. Increase in ionic strength reduced positive surface charge at pH<PZC while enhancing the negative surface charge at pH>PZC. The adverse effect of ionic strength on the surface charge at pH<PZC was ascribed to the competition between proton and sodium ions for adsorption on the kaolinite planer surfaces, where some permanent negative charges exist.

Surface charge of soils is measured using two different approaches: ion adsorption and potentiometric titration. Most models of surface charge chemistry of soils have been derived from the data obtained by potentiometric titration. The Uehara and Gillmanُs model was used to estimate the surface charges at some soil pH range in three forest soils of Lahidjan region. The selected soils (Typic Udorthent, Typic Hapludalf, Ultic Hapludalf) were formed on three different types of parent rocks. So, the effect of parent rocks on surface charge characteristics was investigated. Soil samples were characterized through their organic carbon, clay percentage, pH in water and 1 M KCl, cation exchange capacity (CEC), point of zero charge of variable charge components (pH0), zero point of net charge (ZPNC) and charge variation. All soils had a significant amount of negative charge at soil pH. A Typic Hapludalf contained the lowest value of pH0 and the largest amount of negative charge at soil pH. The pH0 values were less in the surface than in the subsurface horizons. The ZPNC values were not obtained by the interpretation of charge variation curves and estimated lower than 2.5, which refers to high amount of negative charge in these soils. Differences in negative charge development in a pH range from 3 to 6 were largest for horizons rich in organic carbon and least for those with significant amounts of layer silicate minerals. Data obtained from charge variation curves of the studied soils also showed that the values of AEC were low and below 1 cmol/kg soil.

Zirconium dioxide, commonly known as zirconia, is an interesting material and is receiving growing attention due to its excellent mechanical properties. The solid was characterized for surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray diffractometry (EDX) and potentiometric titrations. Surface titrations were carried out at the temperature range 303 to 323K in the presence of different concentrations (0.1, 0.01 and 0.001mol/dm3) of NaNO3 as a background electrolyte. Surface charge density and point of zero charge (PZC) of ZrO2 were determined from the titration data. Salt addition method was also applied to measure the PZC of the solid. The surface charge densities of ZrO2 were observed to increase with increase in temperature but decrease while increasing the concentration of electrolyte. Further, the PZC was found to decrease with the rise in temperature. However, it was found to increase with increase in concentration of the background electrolyte. The thermodynamic parameters such as DH and DS were also determined from the slope and intercept of the linear plot of (pHpzc – 1/2 pKw) versus reciprocal temperature (1/T). The values of both the DH and DS were found to be negative, while that of DG were positive. From these thermodynamic parameters, it was suggested that the protonation / de-protonation process of ZrO2 is non-spontaneous.

The purpose of this research was to design a model to measure the general competencies of elementary school students with regard to regard to all domains education and to examine these competencies in elementary school students from the perspective of school principals and assistants. The present one is of the type of exploratory mixed research projects, and the researchers conducted have been collected using two qualitative methods (comparative analysis and interviews with experts) and quantitative methods (researcher's questionnaire based on the research model). In the qualitative part, at first, using comparative content analysis with Meiring's method and based on the fundamental reform doc ument of Education and other high-level documents, 5 main were extracted and the text of the interview based on these elements and considering all domains education was provided to 8 primary education experts who were selected by purposeful and snowball sampling. The results of semi-structured interviews showed that the general competencies of primary school students had 8 common themes and 182 sub-themes. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was created based on the research model, and after validating it, it was given to 70 vice-principals and managers (out of 205 people) of schools in Bukan city in the academic year of 1402-1401, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, it placed. Finally, the results of Friedman's test showed that the performance of students in spiritual and intrapersonal-ethical competencies is favorable, in learning competencies is weak and in psychological-physical and cultural-social competencies is very unfavorable.

Our study is to highlight the effect of the acid-base character and the redox potential of two clays, synthetic anionic Layered Double Hydroxides Zn3Al-CO3 (LDH) clay, and natural commercial cationic clay "Ghassoul" on their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antibacterial effect was tested on two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Then it was tested on a Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the two materials was carried out using the microplatemicrotitration technique. The antioxidant activities of clays are assessed by the methods 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the reducing power of iron (Fe3+). The redox potential (Eh) was measured and the redox strength (rH2) was evaluated. The results showed that these materials have an antibacterial effect on the three bacteria tested, the measured zero charge point of Ghassoul (pHzpc =8.75) more basic than that of double layer hydroxide (pHzpc =7.5), redox potential of LDH (-27mV) was higher than that of Gh (- 103mV), and the rH2 of Gh (14.04) was higher compared to anionic clay (13.33). Keywords: LDHs, Ghassoul, Redox Potential, Zero point of Charge, Antibacterial.

We examine observational status of cosmological inflation with a zero-point length. By considering the zero-point length correction to the geometric part of the field equations, specially the Hubble parameter, we derive modified background equations, slow-roll parameters and inflation observables including scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio in this setup. We conduct numerical analysis on a power-law inflation as a toy model and also some other inflation potentials to assess the impact of a minimum length on the inflationary cosmology. In this regard, we compare our results with recent data from Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing, Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing+BK15, and  Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing+ BK15+ BAO at the $\%68$ and $\%95$ levels of confidence. We find that the impact of the zero-point length varies across different potentials and its characteristic value is of different orders of magnitude (in units of the Planck length), determined based on the various types of the potentials. We show that, while some inflation potentials fall outside the mentioned datasets' confidence levels in the absence of the zero-point length, they are in good agreement with the same datasets in the presence of the zero-point length. In this comparison, we obtain a range of consistency for the zero-point length with the mentioned observational data.